Dear SwiNOG,
Our apologies to those who received this message via multiple channels.
My colleagues and I recently revisited the topic of prefix de-aggregation attacks. We believe that the current IPv6 allocation policies combined with the ever-growing number of interconnection opportunities may facilitate those attacks to the point where they may circumvent traditional prevention mechanisms. Hence, we'd like to raise awareness on how to detect, mitigate, and prevent these kinds of attacks.
# Prefix De-aggregation Attacks
While allocation policies in IPv4 are very tight, even a new LIR can obtain, e.g., a /29 IPv6 address block from RIPE without justification [1]. This /29 may source more than a million unique IPv6 prefixes when using all CIDR sizes between /29 and /48 (the largest CIDR size that is not filtered). To prevent this many prefixes from flooding the DFZ, many ASes set a maximum prefix limit on their eBGP sessions.
When initially introduced, these max-prefix limits prevented prefix de-aggregation attacks. In today's hyper-connected world, prefix limits transform these attacks into session-hunting challenges. To better illustrate this relationship, consider the following example: If an adversary combines two remote-peering offerings of BSO's IXReach [2] and Epsilon's Infinity Platform [3], they can establish ports at more than a hundred peering LANs. If this adversary uses Hurricane Electric as their IPv6 transit provider and establish a BGP session at every in-common peering LAN [4], this will lead to 100+ sessions. With a per-session limit of e.g. 500 prefixes, the adversary could redistribute 50K unique prefixes via this setup alone.
If an adversary further increases the number of remote peering providers, adds announcements from BGP-enabled VPS services (e.g., Vultr [5] among many others [6]), and contracts additional IPv6 transit providers, they may globally increase the current IPv6 routing table size manifold. Notably, each of these new routes would have a valid ROV status once the adversary adds a single ROA entry for a /29 with a max CIDR size of /48; hence, they would pass the redistribution requirements for various transit providers.
While many current router models support multiple million IPv6 routes, especially older models may crash, drop sessions, or behave in other unintended ways when either their FIB or RIB runs out of memory. When the adversary also withdraws all routes simultaneously, the number of updates generated from BGP's path-hunting may further lead to very high load for extended periods of time.
To put this into perspective: Some of you might have noticed increased CPU load alongside other effects when Vultr was de-aggregating 12k IPv6 prefixes on October 5th [7]. Using the different methods described above, an highly-motivated adversary might be able to produce 1-2 orders of magnitude more updates.
Please note that we performed various smaller (<600 prefixes)
de-aggregation tests as part of our research---see sections 6 and
8 in the document referenced at the end of this notification for
detailed explanations. While our experimental setup was very
similar to the October 5th incident (we also announced address
space obtained from SecureBit via VMs within Vultr), we are in no
way related to that incident neither did we share any information
about our research or findings with individuals outside our
research group prior to the start of our private disclosure phase
on October 11th.
# Detection, Mitigation, and Prevention Mechanisms.
Luckily, prefix de-aggregation attacks are easily detectable (e.g., based on prefix-limit notification thresholds or direct routing table size monitoring) and can be mitigated quickly by filtering either the more specifics of the covering prefix or all prefixes announced by the adversary's ASN(s). Effectively, damage can only be done within the human reaction time---which we hope to shorten with this notification.
To protect yourself from prefix de-aggregation attacks, you may establish dynamic yet tight per-session limits on all eBGP sessions. As an adversary could enter unreasonably large values into databases such as PeeringDB, we'd recommend to not solely rely on them but also accept at most 1.5-2x the number of yesterday's prefixes for peers and customers and 1.2x yesterday's routing table size for transit providers (which would currently reflect a headroom of ~32k prefixes with a yearly growth rate of <50k prefixes [8]). We'd also recommend ensuring that the summed prefix limits across all sessions do not drastically exceed the router's maximal FIB size.
To protect others, you may:
(i) ensure that you only redistribute a certain number of routes per origin; currently, AS 9808 announces the most (~4K) IPv6 prefixes.
(ii) ensure that you only redistribute a certain number of more-specific routes for each assigned address block; currently, 2409:8000::/20 is the prefix with the most (~10K) more-specifics.
If you want to know more about the research that initiated this notification (including our concluded private disclosure process), you may find a write-up at:
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.10676.pdf
Best regards,
Lars
[1] https://www.ripe.net/publications/docs/ripe-738#initial_size
[2] https://www.ixreach.com/services/remote-peering/
[3] https://epsilontel.com/global-network-footprint/internet-exchanges/
[4] https://he.net/peering.html
[5] https://www.vultr.com/features/advanced-networking/
[6] https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1abmV_mXWWCsVxHLfouSivyS7ch-PcUww8S6ksY66c5o
[7] https://twitter.com/Qrator_Radar/status/1577748939805278209